AV fistula is created in the forearm or arm for hemodialysis in Chronic kidney disease patients. A superficial vein of the upper limb is connected to the artery so that once the fistula mature vein can be punctured for dialysis.

The patient may present with the poor flow during dialysis due to stenosis/occlusion of a vein (common) or artery forming the fistula. A patient may also present with upper limb and or face swelling, chest pain, or heaviness due to occlusion of a major central vein.

Endovascular treatment includes angioplasty where narrowed / occluded segment is opened with a balloon. Central vein occlusion may require stenting for persistent narrowing or early recoil.